APPENDIX D. GLOSSARY

ACA

Agency of Cultural Affairs (Japan)

Acquisition

means by which visual and 3D information present in the world surrounding us is acquired (e.g., by libraries)

AFOSR

Air Force Office of Scientific Research (United States)

Aglet

Java object that can move from one host on the Internet to another

ANNECS

computer-based publishing system (Nikkei)

ANTS

active node transport system

ARO

Army Research Office (United States)

ATIP

Asian Technology Information Program

ATR

Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (Japan)

CD-I

compact disk interactive

CD-ROM

compact disk read only format

CORBA

Common Object Request Broker Architecture (object management software for digital libraries)

DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (United States)

Databases

systematic organization of information that is readable by computer

Digital information organization

methods of rendering information into digital form so it can be stored, retrieved and manipulated by computer

Digital library

an integrated set of services for capturing, cataloging, storing, searching, protecting, and retrieving information

Digital library architecture

emphasizes organization, acquisition, preservation, and utilization of information

Digital library services

brings order where data floods and information mismanagement have caused much critical information to be incoherent, unavailable, or lost

Digital library systems

realizations of an architecture in a specific hardware, networking, and software situation

Digital signatures

methods of assuring genuineness of digital (not handwritten) signatures, and preventing alteration

Digital watermarking

methods for detecting works based on copying or altering digital materials

DIVL

digital image and video library

DLI

Digital Library Initiative. Project sponsored by NSF, DARPA, and NASA to advance the collection, storage and organization of digital information, and to make such information more easily available through communication networks

DVD

digital video disk

E-books

electronic books

Electronic library service

an information service that enables users to retrieve a page image from a database containing academic journals and magazines, along with bibliographic information via the Internet

GB

gigabyte (109 bytes)

Granularity

the level at which an item is described

HCI

human-computer interface

HDTV

high definition television

Indexing

description of intellectual content of the specific holdings in a library's collection

Intellectual metadata

information that provides access to the subject or content of a digital object

Intellectual property

legal and/or economic rights of an author for his works, ideas

IPA

Information Technology Promotion Agency (Japan)

IR

information retrieval3/4an area of both computer and information science that studies retrieval processes

IRAL

Information Retrieval with Asian Languages (annual workshop)

J-CIS

Japan Copyright Information Service

JIPDEC

Japan Information Processing Development Center

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group (graphics file compression standard)

JPG

short for JPEG

Kansei

Japanese term for computing that relates to, arises from, or is influenced by human characteristics such as sensibility, perception, affection or subjectivity

KUINS

Kyoto University Integrated Information Network System

LSI

large scale integrated [circuits]

MB

megabyte (million bytes)

Mb/s

million bits per second

Metadata

information about an item, rather than the information in the item itself

MHTML

multilingual HTML

MITI

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan)

Monbusho

(Japanese government) Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture-alternatively referred to in this report as "Ministry of Education" and "MESC"

Morphological analysis

identification and normalization of inflected word forms

MPEG

Moving Picture Experts Group (defines compression standards)

MT

machine translation

NACSIS

National Center for Science Information Systems (Japan)

NAIST

Nara Institute of Science and Technology

NARA

National Archives and Records Administration (United States)

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)

Navigation

moving about in a digital collection

NDL

National Diet Library (Japan)

NEEDS

a database service and text search and retrieval system (Nikkei)

NETS

a system to convert information originally in Japanese into English for resale or inclusion in Nikkei English-language products

NEWS

a distribution system (Nikkei Economic Data Wire Service) that feeds broadcast and online services

NGO

non-governmental organization

NIKKEI NET

an Internet, Web-based news service that charges users

Nikkei Telecom

an Internet service that features a hyper-linked online newspaper format that offers search and retrieval for specialized business information such as corporate strategies and management news items

NLP

natural language processing

Non-text materials

information such as mathematical equations, tables and drawings music and visual materials other than text

NSF

National Science Foundation (United States)

NSN

an all-business television channel that is broadcast using digital satellite technologies (Nikkei)

OCR

optical character recognition

ONR

Office of Naval Research (United States)

OPACS

online public access catalogs

Operational architecture

an information management system represented in terms of the business processes it supports, and how information related to conduct of the business processes passes through the system's components

Physical/structural metadata

information about the digital object and its relationship to other digital objects in a repository

PLES

"PaperLess Editing System" that prepares material for publication (Nikkei)

QUICK

customizable, personalizable online product that delivers high-end business information to select customers

Search

locating items in libraries

Secure archiver

technology for obtaining authentic and time-stamped versions of documents

Systems architecture

shows the technology enablers and their inter-relationships

TB

terabyte (1012 bytes)

Technical architecture

breaks down operational (business) processes into functional components and capabilities

TIPSTER

was a DARPA-led effort to advance text processing technologies

TREC

Text Retrieval Conference: annual NIST-sponsored conference with the purpose of encouraging research in information retrieval from large text collections

VR

virtual reality

WWW

World Wide Web